When a person passes away leaving a will, the heirs to whom the deceased bequeathed their assets and property will seek to enforce it by filing an application for an order granting the will binding legal validity and enabling its implementation in practice.
However, even before the estate is distributed and following the death of the testator, objections may arise from those who claim that the will unfairly disadvantages them and that the distribution of assets under it is unjustified or improper. Parties opposing a will are entitled to file an objection, in which they must point to the defects in the deceased’s will that justify its invalidation.
To begin with the bottom line: just as one may file an application for a probate order in order to enforce a will and inherit from the testator, it is also possible to file an objection to a will in an attempt to prevent its enforcement.
In this context, several courses of action are available, depending on the timing and the procedural stage at which you choose to act.
An objection to a will may be filed only if a probate order has not yet been granted.
Objection to a Will – A One-Time Opportunity to Assert Your Rights
Please note: from the date the will is published, an objection may be filed within 14 days only. This is a one-time, non-recurring opportunity to prevent unfair deprivation and to assert your rights, if you believe that the distribution of assets under the will stems from unfair circumstances or other grounds justifying its invalidation.
Given the strict and short timetable under procedural law, it is of critical importance to consult an attorney specializing in wills and inheritance law, who is experienced in managing will objection proceedings.
It is important to remember that objection proceedings are highly complex and require an in-depth examination of evidence, medical records, testimonies, and relevant documents reflecting the testator’s condition at the time the will was executed. These materials shed light on the testator’s legal capacity. A unique challenge in such proceedings is that the central witness—the testator—is no longer alive, making the collection of evidence crucial.
If you have a legal interest in the estate of a deceased person who left a will, and you believe that it does not comply with legal requirements or was executed under undue influence, you must challenge the application for a probate order and present sufficient evidentiary grounds for its revocation—preferably with the assistance of a skilled attorney who will ensure the fullest possible use of all available legal options.
The Element of Time in Inheritance and Estate Proceedings
Section 17 of the Inheritance Regulations provides that any person wishing to object to an application for a probate order or a succession order must file the objection within two weeks of the publication of notice of the application in the newspapers. In practice, interested parties are not always aware of when the publication occurred or what deadline was set by the Registrar for filing objections.
Therefore, once a decision is made to file an objection, it is essential to consult immediately with an attorney specializing in inheritance and will objections, so that your interests may be advanced without delay.
The Burden of Proof in an Objection to a Will
When objecting to a will, it is crucial to remember that the burden of proof rests with the objector. In other words, if you believe that a will is invalid and wish to challenge it, the law places upon the objector the obligation to provide evidence supporting the claims raised.
Many clients approach us seeking to object to a will for various reasons—ranging from technical errors, through a sense of unfair deprivation, to suspicions of forgery of a relative’s will. When addressing objections to wills, it is essential first and foremost to understand the concept of the “burden of proof.”
The “burden of proof” is a legal concept that determines which party bears the obligation to prove the validity of a claim and its content. In civil law, which includes inheritance and estate law, the burden of proof rests on the party asserting the claim—namely, the party filing the objection to the will. The objector must persuade the court of the validity of their claims and provide proof of their truth.
It is important to understand that the basic presumption under inheritance law is that a will is valid. Accordingly, when an objection is filed, the burden of proof lies with the objector, who must demonstrate why the will should be invalidated.
The burden of proof consists of two sub-burdens: the burden of persuasion and the burden of evidence.
Burden of Persuasion
This is the primary burden and refers to the obligation to convince the court that the claims are correct. In civil law, including inheritance matters, the burden of persuasion is based on the balance of probabilities. This means that it is sufficient for the claimant to prove their case by 51% in order to prevail, unlike criminal law, where a higher standard of proof is required.
Burden of Evidence
This is the secondary burden and refers to the obligation to support claims with admissible evidence. In will objection proceedings, a party seeking to invalidate part or all of a will must present supporting evidence and attach it to the objection. If the court is not persuaded that the evidence is sufficient, it may determine that the objector has failed to meet the burden of evidence.
Reversal of the Burden of Proof
Although the burden of proof generally rests with the objector, in certain cases it may shift to the other party—the party seeking to uphold the will. This is common, for example, in disputes involving handwritten wills or oral wills, which are inherently more difficult to verify. In such cases, the burden of persuasion may rest on the party seeking to enforce the will.
A reversal may also occur where it is proven that an extreme relationship of dependency existed between the beneficiary and the testator prior to death, or where the beneficiary actively assisted in the drafting of the will.
With regard to evidence, it is important to note that some types of evidence are considered stronger than others, such as documents, recordings, photographs, and similar materials. In contrast, hearsay testimony is generally regarded as weaker evidence. Additionally, certain evidence—although potentially supportive—may be inadmissible, such as evidence obtained through illegal wiretapping or violation of privacy.
How Can a Will Be Challenged?
Those opposing a will must prove that the distribution of the deceased’s assets under the will was carried out while the testator was in a serious medical condition at the relevant time, or that the will was executed under coercion, exploitation, or undue influence, or that the testator lacked the mental or cognitive capacity to execute it.
Additional grounds for invalidation include non-compliance with statutory requirements and formal rules governing the execution of wills. The objector must demonstrate the existence of special circumstances justifying the invalidation of the will, within the framework of a complex legal proceeding that should be conducted with the assistance of an attorney specializing in wills and inheritance law.
As noted, the burden of proof rests with the objector. To persuade the court that a will should be invalidated, arguments and evidence must be presented demonstrating its legal defects. Grounds for revoking a probate order may include, for example:
The medical condition of the testator – Was the testator’s medical condition such that they were capable of making reasoned, rational, and independent decisions?
Undue influence – Was the will executed freely, or was the testator subject to pressure or influence by interested parties?
Fraud – Does the will truly reflect the testator’s wishes, or were those wishes manipulated, or was the will forged?
Formal defects – In cases of defects in the form of the will or other technical deficiencies, the burden of proof may shift to the party seeking to uphold the will, rather than the objector.